However, they are not powerful in complex demographic scenarios. These tools are very efficient and memory-saving because only existing individuals are considered. Backward-time simulation tools are based on the idea of tracing back to the most recent common ancestor of currently surviving individuals and then attributing genetic information to each individual on the coalescent tree. The available simulation tools can be divided into two distinct classes: backward-time, also called coalescent-based, and forward-time. A number of simulation tools have been developed, and some reviews have comprehensively covered the works in which they were used. ConclusionsĪdmixSim 2 is a flexible simulation tool expected to facilitate the study of complex population admixture in various situations.Ĭomputer simulation has come to play an increasingly critical role in various population genetic studies, such as estimating summary statistics of sequencing-level data, evaluating the robustness of mathematical inference frameworks, and understanding current genetic diversity underlying different demographic histories. We here evaluate the performance of AdmixSim 2 based on simulated data and validated functions via comparative analysis of simulated data and empirical data of African American, Mexican, and Uyghur populations. Using empirical or previously simulated genomic data as input, AdmixSim 2 provides phased haplotype data for the convenience of further admixture-related analyses such as local ancestry inference, association studies, and other applications. To our best knowledge, there are no similar tools available for the purpose of simulation of complex population admixture. AdmixSim 2 can be used to simulate data of dioecious or monoecious populations, autosomes, or sex chromosomes. Unlike its previous version, AdmixSim 2 is based on the extended Wright-Fisher model, and it implements many common evolutionary parameters to involve gene flow, natural selection, recombination, and mutation, which allow users to freely design and simulate any complex scenario involving population admixture. We here developed a forward-time simulator, AdmixSim 2, an individual-based tool that can flexibly and efficiently simulate population genomics data under complex evolutionary scenarios. However, there are not many simulation tools suitable for studying population admixture. A great deal of effort has been made over the past two decades in developing simulation tools. Computer simulations have been widely applied in population genetics and evolutionary studies.
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